| Effect Of Current Formation on Capacity of Tin/STPP-Doped PbO2 Electrodes for Enhanced Lead Acid Battery Performance |
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Chahmana Nadia1, Foudia Malika1, Toukal Linda2, Zerroual Larbi1 |
1Laboratory of Energetic and Electrochemistry of Solid, Department of Engineering Process, Faculty of Technology, Ferhat Abbas University Setif-1, Setif 19000, Algeria
2Laboratoire Electrochimie et Materiaux (LEM), Faculte de Technologie, Universite Ferhat ABBAS, Setif 19000, Algeria |
Correspondence:
Chahmana Nadia,
Email: nchahmana@yahoo.fr
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Received: 4 May 2026 • Accepted: 15 June 2026 |
| Abstract |
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This study explores the effect of the formation current of the positive active mass (PAM) on the capacity of tin- and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP)-doped PbO₂ electrodes in lead–acid batteries. The effect of the formation current on the structure and chemical composition of β-PbO₂ is also investigated. Electrochemical formation was carried out at different discharge current intensities (0.25 and 0.75 A) in sulfuric acid electrolytes containing SnCl₂ and STPP. X-ray diffraction confirms the formation of pure β-PbO₂ with reduced grain sizes (22–26 nm) in doped samples. SEM and EDX analyses reveal uniform nanostructures and successful incorporation of tin within the PbO₂ matrix. Galvanostatic discharge and impedance spectroscopy demonstrate significant improvements in electrochemical performance, with the Sn–STPP co-doped PbO₂ formed at 0.25 A achieving the highest discharge capacity (72.8 mAh g⁻¹) and lowest charge transfer resistance (19.19 Ω·cm²).
The findings highlight the potential of Sn–STPP modification for optimizing the electrocatalytic behavior of PbO₂, offering a promising approach for more efficient and durable energy storage systems. |
| Keywords:
Lead–acid battery, β-PbO₂, Tin, Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), Current formation |
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