| Effect of Different Charging Protocols on the High-Temperature Cycling Performance and Failure Analysis of LMFP Batteries |
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Wen Wang1, Bin Zhang2 |
1Kyushu University, Ito Campus, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
2REPT BATTERO Energy Co., Ltd., Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314100, China |
Correspondence:
Wen Wang,
Email: wang.wen.473@s.kyushu-u.ac.jp
Bin Zhang,
Email: zhangbin@reptbattero.com
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Received: 20 March 2026 • Accepted: 9 April 2026 |
| Abstract |
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Due to manganese dissolution, the cycling performance of lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP) batteries is significantly inferior to that of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. In this study, 5 Ah LMFP/C pouch cells were used to investigate the effects of different charging protocols on the high temperature cycling performance, followed by failure analysis. The results show that when the constant current-constant voltage with negative pulse (CC-CVNP) charging protocol was applied, the cell achieved 80% capacity retention after 897 cycles at 45oC. Under this protocol, the manganese deposition on the anode surface (534 ppm) was significantly lower than that under the stepwise charging (CC-CC) (827 ppm) and Constant currentconstant voltage charging (CC-CV) (1,102 ppm) charging protocols. Furthermore, the Li+ diffusion coefficient (DLi+) of the cathode material was only lower than that of the fresh cell. These findings indicate that the CC-CVNP charging protocol with negative pulses not only effectively prevents the deterioration of Li+ diffusion kinetics but also mitigates material degradation, thereby extending the cell's lifespan. |
| Keywords:
Lithium manganese iron phosphate, Charging protocol, Constant currentconstant voltage charging, Stepwise charging, Constant current with negative pulse charging, Manganese dissolution |
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